Raising Goats

Small Ruminants

Goats are one of the most popular small livestock animals in the United States because they are compact, curious, and adaptable to small acreage. People raise them for milk, meat, fiber, brush clearing, or simply as friendly companion animals. They suit homesteaders, hobby farmers, and small-scale producers who want a manageable herd animal that does not require a large pasture.

Getting started

Before you bring goats home, check your local zoning rules, ordinances, and any homeowner or agricultural district requirements, since some areas limit or prohibit livestock. Goats are herd animals, so plan to keep at least two, and expect a daily commitment for feeding, watering, and checking on the herd, plus extra time for hoof trimming and seasonal chores. You can buy goats from reputable local breeders, farm sales, or through referrals from your county Cooperative Extension office, which can also point you to nearby resources. Start with a small number of healthy animals from a trusted source so you can learn the routine before expanding.

Housing & protection

Goats need a dry, draft-free shelter such as a small barn, three-sided shed, or sturdy run-in that protects them from rain, wind, snow, and summer heat. Good fencing is the biggest challenge with goats, since they climb, push, and squeeze through gaps, so use woven wire or well-built fencing tall enough and tight enough to hold them and keep predators out. Provide clean, dry bedding like straw and keep the shelter well ventilated to reduce moisture and odor. In many regions a livestock guardian animal or secure nighttime enclosure helps protect the herd from dogs, coyotes, and other predators.

Feeding & water

Goats are browsers by nature and do best with access to pasture, brush, and good-quality hay, which should make up the bulk of their diet. They also need constant access to clean, fresh water and can be offered loose minerals formulated for goats, along with a modest amount of grain or concentrate depending on their stage of life and workload. Introduce any feed changes slowly to avoid digestive upset, and avoid moldy or spoiled feed and lawn clippings. For questions about specific rations, mineral needs, or feeding programs, work with your local Cooperative Extension and a licensed veterinarian who know your area and forage conditions.

Space & daily care

A small group of goats can do well on a modest fenced area with room to move, browse, and get out of the weather, though more space and rotation help keep pasture and animals in good shape. Each goat drinks several quarts to a gallon or more of clean water daily, and more in hot weather or when nursing, so check and refill waterers at least once a day. Plan on daily observation and routine care such as hoof trimming and keeping shelters and feeders clean.

Common breeds & types

• Nigerian Dwarf
• Nubian
• Boer
• LaMancha
• Alpine
• Pygmy
• Kiko
• Saanen

Things to consider

Startup costs include the animals, fencing, shelter, feed, water equipment, and basic supplies, and fencing in particular is often the largest upfront expense. Common challenges for beginners are escapes through weak fencing, keeping shelters dry, and learning the daily routine of feeding and observation. Because goats are herd animals with specific needs, build a relationship early with a licensed veterinarian for health, disease, and herd-management questions, and contact your local Cooperative Extension for guidance on regulations, feeding, and regional best practices. This guide covers general husbandry only and is not a substitute for professional veterinary or regulatory advice.

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Page updated Aug 4, 2026.